Australasian Legal Information

Australasian Legal Information Australasian Legal InformationEnglish: Legal Research Center at Lewis and secondary legal materials (law reform and royal commission reports).AustLII a seamless electronic access to primary and secondary sources of law, compared to books located through the conventional law library, is a highly desirable method for legal research. AustLII provided an excellent introduction to more structured searching for materials just as legislations and, particularly when used in conjunction with keyword searching, it increased search success. AustLII increases work speed and efficiency due to the ability to search for all your information in one place. It is also very easy to search through information using hypertext links. Text manipulation is a further advantage of using AustLII. Once the information required is found, you can easily save it, print it and cut and past it into documents you are working on. This is a stark contrast to the manual library research process Also, at any time I was able to retrace my steps by clicking the "back" function on the Internet browser.Although the overall usefulness of AustLII depended to a great extend on the clarity of its and the extent to which its coverage and subdivision of a topic matches the understanding of the topic. The search engine did not offer annotations or expand on key words as of yet. Simply through placing a phrase in quotation marks or slightly altering its wording, one can dramatically alter the results a search engine returns. It is therefore important to rephrase a search entry if it does not work before it is discarded. For example, a search...

The Goliad Massacre - Texas Revolution

The Goliad Massacre - Texas Revolution The Goliad Massacre: On March 27, 1836, over three hundred rebellious Texan prisoners, most of them captured a few days before while battling the Mexican army, were executed by Mexican forces. The Goliad Massacre became a rallying cry for other Texans, who shouted Remember the Alamo! and Remember Goliad! at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. The Texas Revolution: After years of antagonism and tension, settlers in the area of modern-day Texas decided to break off from Mexico in 1835. The movement was mainly led by USA-born Anglos who spoke little Spanish and who had migrated there legally and illegally, although the movement had some support among native Tejanos, or Texas-born Mexicans. The fighting broke out on October 2, 1835 in the town of Gonzales. In December, the Texans captured the town of San Antonio: on March 6, the Mexican army took it back at the bloody Battle of the Alamo. Fannin in Goliad: James Fannin, a veteran of the siege of San Antonio and one of the only Texans with any actual military training, was in command of about 300 troops in Goliad, about 90 miles away from San Antonio. Before the Battle of the Alamo, William Travis had sent repeated pleas for aid, but Fannin never came: he cited logistics as the cause. Meanwhile, refugees came pouring through Goliad on their way east, telling Fannin and his men of the advance of the massive Mexican army. Fannin had occupied a small fort in Goliad and felt secure in his position. Retreat to Victoria: On March 11, Fannin received word from Sam Houston, overall commander of the Texan army. He learned of the fall of the Alamo and received orders to destroy the defensive works at Goliad and retreat to the town of Victoria. Fannin lingered, however, as he had two units of men in the field, under Amon King and William Ward. Once he learned that King, Ward and their men had been captured, he set out, but by then the Mexican army was very close. The Battle of Coleto: On March 19, Fannin finally left Goliad, at the head of a long train of men and supplies. The many carts and supplies made the going very slow. In the afternoon, Mexican cavalry appeared: the Texans struck up a defensive position. The Texans fired their long rifles and cannons at the Mexican cavalry, inflicting heavy damage, but during the fighting, the main Mexican host under the command of Josà © Urrea arrived, and they were able to surround the rebel Texans. As night fell, the Texans ran out of water and ammunition and were forced to surrender. This engagement is known as the Battle of Coleto, as it was fought near Coleto Creek. Terms of Surrender: The terms of the Texans surrender are unclear. There was much confusion: no one spoke both English and Spanish, so negotiations were carried out in German, as a handful of soldiers on each side spoke that language. Urrea, under orders from Mexican General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, could not accept anything but an unconditional surrender. Texans present at the negotiations recall that they were promised that they would be disarmed and sent to New Orleans if they promised not to return to Texas. It may be that Fannin agreed to an unconditional surrender on the basis that Urrea would put in a good word for the prisoners with General Santa Anna. It was not to be. Imprisonment: The Texans were rounded up and sent back to Goliad. They thought they were to be deported, but Santa Anna had other plans. Urrea tried hard to convince his commander that the Texans should be spared, but Santa Anna would not be budged. The rebel prisoners were put under the command of Colonel Nicols de la Portilla, who received clear word from Santa Anna that they were to be executed. The Goliad Massacre: On March 27, the prisoners were rounded up and marched out of the fort at Goliad. There were somewhere between three and four hundred of them, which included all of the men captured under Fannin as well as some others that had been taken previously. About a mile away from Goliad, the Mexican soldiers opened fire on the prisoners. When Fannin was told he was to be executed, he gave his valuables to a Mexican officer asking that they be given to his family. He also requested not to be shot in the head and to have a decent burial: he was shot in the head, looted, burned and dumped into a mass grave. About forty wounded prisoners, who had been unable to march, were executed at the fort. Legacy of the Goliad Massacre: It is unknown how many Texan rebels were executed that day: the number is somewhere between 340 and 400. Twenty-eight men escaped in the confusion of the execution and a handful of physicians were spared. The bodies were burned and dumped: for weeks, they were left to the elements and gnawed on by wild animals. Word of the Goliad Massacre quickly spread throughout Texas, infuriating the settlers and rebel Texans. Santa Annas order to kill the prisoners worked both for and against him: it assured that settlers and homesteaders in his path quickly packed up and left, many of them not stopping until they had crossed back into the United States. However, the rebellious Texans were able to use Goliad as a rallying cry and recruitment soared: some no doubt signed on believing that the Mexicans would execute them even if they were not in arms when captured. On April 21, less than a month later, General Sam Houston engaged Santa Anna at the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. The Mexicans were taken by surprise by the afternoon attack and completely routed. Enraged Texans shouted Remember the Alamo! and Remember Goliad! as they slaughtered the terrified Mexicans as they tried to flee. Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign documents recognizing Texas independence, effectively ending the war. The Goliad Massacre marked an ugly moment in the history of the Texas Revolution. It led at least partially to the Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, however. With the rebels at the Alamo and Goliad dead, Santa Anna felt confident enough to divide his force, which in turn allowed Sam Houston to defeat him. The rage felt by the Texans at the massacre manifested itself in a willingness to fight that was evident at San Jacinto. Source: Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004.

Communication Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication Issues - Essay Example People from the different culture may have different rules of exchanging signals and therefore, there is inherent uncertainty in exchanging information. Expansion of our business to China means dealing with the Chinese Government, the local businesses, the distributors and various other important entities. All of these parties communicate using their own language, Chinese. They feel pride in speaking their own language and most of them do not know English. Basically, the culture affects the thinking process of human behavior. It affects the thinking pattern, values and therefore eventually influences the communication processes. Therefore, in coming paragraphs, I will be discussing the various differences between the culture of China and the U.K. and the possible hindrance that may occur due to these differences in the communication process while I will also mention the solution to these issues wherever possible. The main dissimilarity that I have found is the vast contextual difference between UK’s and China’s culture. China is a high-context culture while U.K. is relatively low context culture. In high context cultures, messages are less spelled out explicitly and communicated more implicitly or in indirect ways(Differences in Cultures, n.d.). However, in a low context culture, the emphasis is given to exchanging of information in an explicit manner. Many things are left unsaid in high context cultures which are expected to be implicitly understood(High and Low Context, n.d.). Due to this high-context culture, Chinese use a great deal of non-verbal communication during their work. Their facial expressions, postures, the tone of voice, gestures and other expressions show what they are feeling. However, I feel necessary here to mention that there is both positive and negative effect of adapting to a new culture. The positive outcomes include gains in language competence, self-esteem, awareness, self-confidence, good interpersonal relationships, the development of multicultural identities etc. The negative outcomes include psychological and psychosomatic concerns, emotional distress, dysfunctional communication, culture shock, depression and anxiety. In short, we need to understand the culture of China in order to make the communication process effective.